|
In politics, the Third Way is a position that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies.〔Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan.''Left and right: the significance of a political distinction''. University of Chicago Press, 1997. ISBN 0-226-06245-7, ISBN 978-0-226-06245-7. Pp. 8.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News - UK Politics - What is the Third Way? )〕 The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right.〔Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender. ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. 3-4, 16.〕 The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements.〔James L. Richardson. ''Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power''. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001 Pp. 194.〕 Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism. Blair said "My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended, and rightly".〔Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason, Hugh Pyper. ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought''. Oxford University Press, 2000. P677.〕 Blair referred to it as "social-ism" that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent, and advocated social justice, social cohesion, equal worth of each citizen, and equal opportunity.〔Michael Freeden. Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought. Princeton University Press, 2004. P. 198.〕 Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism, and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies, and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism.〔Anthony Giddens. ''Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics''. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. Pp. 71-72.〕 Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a "new capitalism".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Speech by Tony Blair at the ‘New world, new capitalism’ conference )〕 It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills, capacities, and productive endowments, while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this.〔Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender. ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. 4.〕 It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets, providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility, decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible, encouragement of public-private partnerships, improving labour supply, investment in human development, protection of social capital, and protection of the environment.〔Pauline Vaillancourt Rosenau. ''The competition paradigm: America's romance with conflict, contest, and commerce''. Lanham, Maryland, USA; Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2003. Pp. 209.〕 The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats, democratic socialists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values.〔Black, Bill. ( Gender Wage Gap is Shrinking - Male Wages are Going Down ), The Real News Network, 2013.03.31〕〔Black, Bill. ("Third Way's" "Fresh Thinking": The EU Is Our Model for Austerity ), The Huffington Post, 2013.01.10〕〔Black, Bill. ( Seriously? New York Times Calls Wall Street Front Group "Center-Left" ), AlterNet, 2013.03.03〕 Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America. == Origins == The term "Third Way" has been used to explain a variety of political courses and ideologies in the last few centuries. These ideas were implemented by progressives in the early 20th century. The term "Third Way" was picked up again in the 1950s by German ordoliberal economists such as Wilhelm Röpke, resulting in the development of the concept of the social market economy. Later Röpke distanced himself from the term and located the social market economy as "first way" in the sense of an advancement of the free market economy.〔Wilhelm Röpke: Die Lehre von der Wirtschaft, Erlenbach-Zürich (1951), p. 56-59〕 Most significantly, Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963, based his philosophy of government on what he entitled in a book, ''The Middle Way'' (1938). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Third Way」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|